Prepare the vegetables and lentils. Dice the onion, carrots, celery, and potato into small, evenly sized pieces. Mince the garlic, rinse the lentils under cold running water, and drain them well.
Sauté the vegetables. Heat the olive oil in a large Dutch oven over medium heat. Add the onion, carrots, and celery. Cook for 5 to 7 minutes, stirring occasionally, until the vegetables soften and the onion becomes translucent.
Add the garlic and seasonings. Stir in the minced garlic, tomato paste, dried thyme, cumin, and oregano. Cook for about 1 minute, stirring frequently, until the garlic smells fragrant and the tomato paste begins to darken slightly.
Add the lentils and broth. Stir in the rinsed lentils, diced tomatoes, vegetable broth, potato, and bay leaf. Add the salt and black pepper, then bring the mixture to a boil.
Simmer until tender. Reduce the heat to low, cover partially, and simmer for 30 to 35 minutes, stirring occasionally. The lentils should be tender but retain their shape, and the potatoes should be easy to pierce with a fork. Cooking time may vary depending on the age and variety of the lentils.
Add the leafy greens. Stir in the spinach or kale and cook for another 3 to 5 minutes, until wilted and tender. Remove the bay leaf and discard it.
Finish with lemon juice. Stir in the fresh lemon juice and chopped parsley. Taste the soup and adjust the salt, pepper, or lemon juice as needed. If the soup is too thick, add a little extra vegetable broth or hot water.
Serve warm. Ladle the soup into bowls and garnish with additional fresh parsley and freshly ground black pepper. Serve with crusty bread or your favorite side dish.